ASTM D6691-2009 利用确定的微生物聚生体或天然海水接种物测定海洋环境中塑料需氧生物降解的标准试验方法

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【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodforDeterminingAerobicBiodegradationofPlasticMaterialsintheMarineEnvironmentbyaDefinedMicrobialConsortiumorNaturalSeaWaterInoculum
【原文标准名称】:利用确定的微生物聚生体或天然海水接种物测定海洋环境中塑料需氧生物降解的标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTMD6691-2009
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2009
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D20.96
【标准类型】:(TestMethod)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:aerobic;biodegradation;marineenvironment;plastics;Aerobic/anaerobicbiodegradation--plastics;Biodegradation--plastics;Marineenvironments;Microbialenvironments;Plastics--marine(shipping)applications
【摘要】:Theuseofplasticsaboardshipsisontheriseandtheuseoftheseaasatrashdumpingsiteisnolongerapossibility;consequently,thedisposalofplasticmaterialswhileatsearemainsamajorissue.Itispossiblethatbiodegradableplasticswillhelptoallaypublicconcernbyallowingforthesafedisposalofplasticmaterialsatsea.Thistestmethodhasbeendevelopedtoassesstherateanddegreeofaerobicbiodegradationofplasticsexposedtomarinemicroorganisms.Aerobicbiodegradationisdeterminedbymeasuringtheamountofbiogas(carbondioxide)producedduringsuchanexposure.Itisacceptabletousethedegreeandrateofaerobicbiodegradabilityofaplasticundertheconditionsofthistestmethodtoestimatethepersistenceofthatplasticinbiologicallyactivemarineenvironments,forexample,seashoreandopen-ocean.However,itshallberecognizedthatpredictinglong-termenvironmentalfateandeffectsfromtheresultsofshort-termexposuretoasimulatedmarineenvironmentisdifficult.Thus,cautionshallbeexercisedwhenextrapolatingtheresultsobtainedfromthisoranyothercontrolled-environmenttesttodisposalinthenaturalenvironment.1.1Thistestmethodisusedtodeterminethedegreeandrateofaerobicbiodegradationofplasticmaterials(includingformulationadditives)exposedtopre-grownpopulationofatleasttenaerobicmarinemicroorganismsofknowngeneraortheindigenouspopulationexistinginnaturalseawater.Thetestmethodisconductedundercontrolledlaboratoryconditions.1.2Thistestmethodisdesignedtoindexpolymermaterialsthatarepossiblybiodegradable,relativetoapositivereferencematerial,inanaerobicenvironment.1.3Thistestmethodisapplicabletoallpolymermaterialscontainingatleast20%carbonthatarenotinhibitorytothemicroorganismspresentinamarineenvironment.1.4ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.1.5ThereisnosimilarorequivalentISOstandard.1.6Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.
【中国标准分类号】:G31
【国际标准分类号】:13_030_99
【页数】:4P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语

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【英文标准名称】:Industrialcommunicationnetworks-Fieldbusspecifications-Part6-3:Applicationlayerprotocolspecification—Type3elements
【原文标准名称】:工业通信网络.现场总线规范.应用层协议规范.3型元件
【标准号】:BSEN61158-6-3-2008
【标准状态】:作废
【国别】:英国
【发布日期】:2008-06-30
【实施或试行日期】:2008-06-30
【发布单位】:英国标准学会(GB-BSI)
【起草单位】:BSI
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:应用层;应用;总线系统;总线;电路网络;通信;计算机应用;计算机控制;控制;控制设备;控制系统;控制工艺学;数据总线;数据通信;数据交换;数据传输线;数据连接系统;数据网络;数据处理;数据服务;数据传送;数据传输控制规程;定义;数字的;数字数据;数字工程;电子数据处理;电气工程;电子仪器;电子系统;现场总线;制导系统;工业的;工业设施;信息交换;信息处理;信息技术;接口(数据处理);开放系统互连;操作技术;OSI;过程控制工程;协议规范;协议;服务;规范;规范(验收);传输媒质;传输协议
【英文主题词】:Applicationlayer;Applications;Bussystems;Buses(dataprocessing);Circuitnetworks;Communication;Computerapplications;Computerizedcontrol;Control;Controlequipment;Controlsystems;Controltechnology;Databus;Datacommunication;Dataexchange;Dataline;Datalinksystem;Datanetwork;Dataprocessing;Dataservices;Datatransfer;Datatransmissioncontrolprocedures;Definition;Definitions;Digital;Digitaldata;Digitalengineering;EDP;Electricalengineering;Electronicinstruments;Electronicsystems;Fieldbus;Guidancesystems;Industrial;Industrialfacilities;Informationinterchange;Informationprocessing;Informationtechnology;Interfaces(dataprocessing);Opensystemsinterconnection;Operationaltechniques;OSI;Processcontrolengineering;Protocolspecification;Protocols;Services;Specification;Specification(approval);Transmissionmedia;Transmissionprotocol
【摘要】:Thisstandardprovidescommonelementsforbasictime-criticalandnon-time-criticalmessagingcommunicationsbetweenapplicationprogramsinanautomationenvironmentandmaterialspecifictoType3fieldbus.Theterm“time-critical”isusedtorepresentthepresenceofatime-window,withinwhichoneormorespecifiedactionsarerequiredtobecompletedwithsomedefinedlevelofcertainty.Failuretocompletespecifiedactionswithinthetimewindowrisksfailureoftheapplicationsrequestingtheactions,withattendantrisktoequipment,plantandpossiblyhumanlife.ThisstandarddefinesinanabstractwaytheexternallyvisiblebehaviorprovidedbytheType3fieldbusapplicationlayerintermsofa)theabstractsyntaxdefiningtheapplicationlayerprotocoldataunitsconveyedbetweencommunicatingapplicationentities,b)thetransfersyntaxdefiningtheapplicationlayerprotocoldataunitsconveyedbetweencommunicatingapplicationentities,c)theapplicationcontextstatemachinedefiningtheapplicationservicebehaviorvisiblebetweencommunicatingapplicationentities;andd)theapplicationrelationshipstatemachinesdefiningthecommunicationbehaviorvisiblebetweencommunicatingapplicationentities;and.Thepurposeofthisstandardistodefinetheprotocolprovidedto1)definethewire-representationoftheserviceprimitivesspecifiedinIEC61158-5-3,and2)definetheexternallyvisiblebehaviorassociatedwiththeirtransfer.ThisstandardspecifiestheprotocoloftheType3fieldbusapplicationlayer,inconformancewiththeOSIBasicReferenceModel(ISO/IEC7498)andtheOSIApplicationLayerStructure(ISO/IEC9545).FALservicesandprotocolsareprovidedbyFALapplication-entities(AE)containedwithintheapplicationprocesses.TheFALAEiscomposedofasetofobject-orientedApplicationServiceElements(ASEs)andaLayerManagementEntity(LME)thatmanagestheAE.TheASEsprovidecommunicationservicesthatoperateonasetofrelatedapplicationprocessobject(APO)classes.OneoftheFALASEsisamanagementASEthatprovidesacommonsetofservicesforthemanagementoftheinstancesofFALclasses.TheprincipalobjectiveofthisstandardistospecifythesyntaxandbehavioroftheapplicationlayerprotocolthatconveystheapplicationlayerservicesdefinedinIEC61158-5-3.Asecondaryobjectiveistoprovidemigrationpathsfrompreviously-existingindustrialcommunicationsprotocols.ItisthislatterobjectivewhichgivesrisetothediversityofprotocolsstandardizedinpartsoftheIEC61158-6series.
【中国标准分类号】:L79
【国际标准分类号】:35_100_70;35_160;35_240_50
【页数】:384P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语

MIL-STD-655C, MILITARY STANDARD: PROVISIONS FOR EVALUATING QUALITY OF CLOTH, WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOL BLENDS (19 AUG 1985)., The purpose of this standard is to provide standardized examination provisions for evaluating the quality of woolen, worsted, and wool blended cloths that are the basic materials for quality uniform items.